Genealogy Tips and Quips Read online

  Through some supersleuthing, I learned which Daly daughter Mr. Swan had married and the names of their children. With the help of Google, I found a descendant who belonged to the Lions Club. A board member was instrumental in connecting me with my first living relative in Ireland. Writing a letter to my newfound relation and receiving her response was priceless. I’ve since located several Daly relatives and have shared many holidays and memories with a close cousin. I’ve also connected with Coffey relatives and a Flannery relative, who took me on a tour of our ancestors’ actual graves in the Castlebar cemetery. A few of which I’d taken pictures of on our first trip in 2007.

  The Daly line has turned out to be the easiest one I’ve researched. If it had been as difficult as my Coffey and Watson lines, I might not have had the perseverance to continue researching more than twenty-five maternal and paternal Irish lines along with several Scottish ones. I never dreamed when I embarked on my adventure it would lead to me becoming a genealogist, meeting dozens of Irish relations, writing two fiction book series set in Ireland, and buying a renovated 1887 schoolhouse in my Coffey ancestors’ hometown. A twelve-day trip to Ireland turned out to be the most significant turning point in my life.

  Figure 1: Michael Daly’s grave in Kilbeggan, County Westmeath, Ireland

  Tip 1: Just Because It’s Set in Stone Doesn’t Make It True

  When I started researching my Coffey family tree, the only details I knew about my ancestor who emigrated from Ireland to the US were his birth and death dates obtained from his gravestone. The birth year was incorrect. The Irish rarely celebrated birthdays and often didn’t know their birth years. If a gravestone states an ancestor was born in 1825, and you discover a potential baptismal certificate from 1822, don’t immediately assume it’s not your relative’s. I’ve also found misspelled names and incorrect maiden names on tombstones.

  A different mother’s name was noted on three Watson siblings’ US death certificates. None were correct. Fortunately, I had their Canadian baptismal certificates with their mother’s right name. She died when her children were young, so their spouses and kids may not have recalled, or ever known, her name.

  Beware of inaccurate online family trees. People often click on Ancestry.com’s green “hint” leaf and add a possible relative to their tree without verifying the information. I once found a tree with a father born after his son and a couple married a century after the woman had died.

  My ancestor Margaret Coffey’s obituary stated that her family lived in Maryland Heights, Maryland, after emigrating from Ireland. I searched Maryland’s genealogical documents before I happened upon the fact that Maryland Heights is located in Missouri. Who’d have thought?

  In the US Census, I have found Coffey spelled as Caffey, Caffrey, and Claffey. Always use the “sounds like” or “Soundex” option on search sites. The Soundex is a phonetic index that groups together names that sound alike but are spelled differently, for example, Cook and Koch. Enumerators—census takers—often couldn’t understand the plethora of ethnic accents, and people couldn’t spell their own last names. Also remember that people often didn’t know their birth years or didn’t have the math skills to correctly determine their ages. Little Jimmy might have been three years old in the 1870 census and only seven in 1880.

  I’ve learned the hard way that it’s critical to at least attempt to obtain genealogical information from three sources before I consider it accurate.

  Tip 2: Helpful Online Resources

  You can’t turn on the TV without seeing an Ancestry.com, www.ancestry.com, commercial. If you are just starting to dabble in research, they offer a free 14-day trial. A great non-subscription alternative is FamilySearch at www.familysearch.org. Ancestry.com offers more than 20 billion historical records. FamilySearch offers over 7 billion searchable records, but also 3 billion images that haven’t yet been indexed. I often use one site in conjunction with the other. For example, I was unable to locate a family in England’s 1891 census because their surname had been transcribed incorrectly on Ancestry.com. I was about to give up when I found the family in the same census on the FamilySearch site. I have encountered this numerous times on various sites, so if you are unable to locate a record, check another resource.

  A gravestone may provide a gold mine of information, including a spouse’s name, death date, birth date, country of origin, and more. What if you can’t fly off to another country to traipse through cemeteries? Two great international sites are Find a Grave, www.findagrave.com, and BillionGraves, www.billiongraves.com. These also often provide gravestone photos, memorials, known children, and possible family members buried in the same vicinity. BillionGraves has GPS locations to guide you directly to the gravesite, which is helpful in larger cemeteries. The information on both websites is provided by volunteers, and millions of new records are added annually.

  If you can’t find a grave online, find a local volunteer to assist at Random Acts of Genealogical Kindness, www.raogk.org. I’ve had volunteers around the world searching through cemeteries for graves, local newspapers for obituaries, and courthouse records for birth, marriage, or death certificates. The volunteers charge for expenses but not for their time.

  Besides state and local historical and genealogical organizations, don’t forget the local libraries. They will often assist with finding obituaries or other information in old newspapers. They may even have a genealogy page with an obituary index or histories of families from the area. If it’s not noted on their website, call and ask. They’ll likely be happy to help.

  Collaborate with others researching your family surnames on forums. A lot of local historians also hang out on these sites and will volunteer to assist. A few of my favorites are www.genealogy.com/forum, www.ancestry.com/boards, and www.familytreeforum.com.

  My top two sites for researching my Irish family history are www.rootsireland.ie and www.census.nationalarchives.ie.

  Google your ancestor’s name and any known details. Get creative. I’ve traced trees forward searching for possible living relatives in Ireland. As I mentioned, I found a relation noted on a Lions Club website. I contacted a board member, and he put me in touch with the man, who turned out to be the missing link needed to trace the family line. In appreciation, I sent them all sweatshirts from the Wisconsin Lions Club. Also, you might search a name on Google and, voilà, up pops your family tree created by an unknown rellie. I’ve only been this lucky once, around St. Paddy’s Day, so maybe it was the luck of the Irish at work.

  Tip 3: The Importance of Being Earnest

  What’s in a Name?

  Names, same as dates, can lead you down the right or wrong paths in genealogical research. I was two years into my Irish ancestry research when I stumbled upon an important discovery that helped me break through a brick wall and locate my Coffey family in Ireland.

  The Irish traditionally adhered to a family naming pattern until the early 1900s. The first son was named after the father’s father. The second son after the mother’s father. The third son after the father. The fourth son after the father’s oldest brother. The fifth son after the father’s second oldest brother, and so on down the line through fifteen kids. The daughters were named in the same pattern after the maternal side of the family. So it’s critical to know where in order each child was born, both living and dead. When a child died, his or her name was often used again for the next-born son or daughter. This demonstrates just how important it was to pass down family names and how confusing it can get for genealogists.

  Knowing my Patrick Coffey’s children’s names and ages provided me with his parents’ and brothers’ names, enabling me to search Ireland’s records and cemeteries to eventually locate his family. Even though Patrick, James, and John were common Irish names, I could rule out other Coffey clans with names such as Hugh, William, and Matthew. The naming pattern isn’t an exact science. If the pattern resulted in a duplication of names, such as both grandfathers having had the same name, then the parents skipped to the next name on the list. Personal reasons also came into play. A mother might not have wanted to name a child after her abusive father.

  It can become a game of mental gymnastics, putting together the pieces of the naming puzzle. However, it can be critical in tracing your family tree. Luckily, my Coffeys strictly adhered to the naming pattern, or I’d never have found my family in Ireland. Even if the pattern was loosely followed, names had personal meanings and weren’t randomly selected as they often are today. You just have to determine what role the names played in the family.

  While transcribing five weathered Coffey tombstones in an Irish cemetery, I saw the family naming pattern put into practice going back five generations. Each stone memorialized numerous family members, including several maiden names and a few unknown names.

  The Scottish and British followed the same or a very similar naming pattern as the Irish. Many nationalities adhered to family naming patterns. Did yours?

  Tip 4: Psst. Did You Hear About . . .

  A Newspaper’s Gossip Column Might Have Some Juicy Family Details

  Another breakthrough with my Coffey family came from my ancestor Margaret Coffey’s obituary, which noted two women and their husbands from Iowa having attended the funeral. I located the couples’ marriage records online and discovered the women’s father’s name was Michael Coffey. But how was Michael related to my ancestor Patrick Coffey? A brother, cousin, nephew, or coincidence?

  I went to the Wisconsin Historical Society and obtained twenty-five rolls of microfilm for the local newspapers from that time period. I scrolled through the gossip columns until I came across a snippet about the Coffey boys traveling to Iowa to visit their “uncle” Michael. Yet knowing that newspapers sometimes printed incorrect information, I searched until I found another notice referencing their “uncle.” Bingo.

  If I hadn’t found Margaret’s obituary, the newspaper’s gossip column would have been a great resource. It often mentioned people in town not only visiting the living but also those attending funerals. The column would include residents involved in accidents or those affected by epidemics and illnesses. It would also pay condolences to parents who’d lost a newborn or young child, helping you identify unknown family members.

  On a happier note, engagement announcements provided married surnames for those hard-to-trace female ancestors. Also, well-wishes to someone relocating to another town or state for a new job helps genealogists track them down. So if people hadn’t heard the latest “news” through the grapevine, they could read about it in the weekly gossip column. While I was growing up, our local paper had a gossip column until the early 1980s.

  The Boston Pilot had an interesting personal column titled “Missing Friends.” From October 1831 to October 1921, the newspaper printed almost 45,000 advertisements from people searching for lost friends and relatives who had emigrated from Ireland to the United States. These ads provided details of the missing emigrant’s life, including the county and parish of the person’s birth, when he left Ireland, the port of arrival in North America, family members’ names, and more. These advertisements have been compiled into several volumes of books and can be found on sites such as Ancestry.com and Findmypast, www.findmypast.com. I could spend all day perusing these ads.

  Here is an ad placed in 1847 by a person searching for a Flannery couple from Derreenmanus, County Mayo, homeland of my Flannerys. I haven’t confirmed a connection, even though Richard was a family name, but I sure hope these relations found each other. You can often feel a person’s sense of desperation to locate loved ones. This ad provides a lot of genealogical information. However, I’ve come across ones that have even more details, such as a physical description enabling you to picture your ancestor.

  Of RICHARD FLANNERY, and ELLEN, his wife, formerly of Derreenmanus, near Castlebar, Co. Mayo. When last heard from they were in Constableville, NY. Any information respecting them will be thankfully received by her brother and his brother-in-law, Patrick McDonnell, addressed to him in care of Mr. Peter Carney, Brookline, MA.

  You can search numerous online newspapers at Ancestry.com and www.newspapers.com. The Irish Genealogy Toolkit website provides information for Irish papers at www.irish-genealogy-toolkit.com/irish-newspaper-archives.html.

  The following are two websites on using newspapers in your research and how to find articles online.

  www.theancestorhunt.com/blog/the-5-best-free-sites-for-online-newspaper-research-for-genealogy

  www.genealogybank.com/explore/newspapers/all

  Tip 5: A Bit of Neighborly Advice

  Get to Know Your Ancestors’ Neighbors

  A population census helped me trace my Watsons by their occupation—steamfitters—an uncommon profession in Chicago before the Great Fire in 1871. I discovered via a census that my ancestor had ten children but only eight were still living at that time. I found the birth certificates for the two unknown children, which helped me fill in the family naming pattern. (See Tip 3 for details on the naming pattern.) Depending on the country, the census may also provide a person’s immigration year, religion, birthplace, marital status, and much more.

  So once you’ve found your ancestor’s record, your census research is done, right? Wrong. That is merely a tidbit of the information the census provides. Look beyond the family’s transcribed record and also at the original document. Not only to ensure that all the information was transcribed correctly but to see who lived next door to, or near, the family. This often provides more valuable insight and clues than the family themselves.

  A steamfitter with the last name Turney lived next door to my Watsons. Curious that he had the same occupation as my family, I did a bit of research and discovered that the two families were in business together. The man was Elizabeth Watson’s brother. (It’s purely a coincidence that I was named after my 2nd-great-grandmother.) Learning that her maiden name was Turney enabled me to piece together Elizabeth’s family and trace them back to Canada. I have found missing family members—presumed dead or having relocated—living a few doors down from ancestors, caring for a widowed aunt or an elderly grandmother. These discoveries helped me to further trace the family trees.

  People often immigrated to a specific area of a country because a friend or relative from their homeland now lived there. So if your ancestor lived in a rural or urban setting, it’s likely that they had a deeper connection to their neighbors than sharing the same zip code. I’ll further discuss this topic in my next tip on city directories.

  Tip 6: City Directories

  Pointing You in the Right Direction

  The first ancestors I researched lived in small rural communities. It wasn’t until I began researching my Watsons in Chicago that I discovered city directories. Prior to the telephone book, there was the city directory that listed a head of household name, address, profession, and in some cases ethnicity. Not only did the directory provide more information than the later telephone book, but you didn’t have to have a phone to be listed in one. Chicago directories span from 1839 to 1928, having been first published two years after the city was incorporated with a population of 4,000. London’s first directory dates back to 1588, and Philadelphia has the honor of having published the first directory in the US in 1785. Keep in mind that not all residents were included in the directory since some directories charged a fee, but most people wanted to be located.

  The information included in directories varies by city. Most include front matter with information about government, civic, and religious organizations, an alphabetical residential section, which primarily lists heads of households, and a back section that lists businesses by specialty. An added bonus, the 1871 Chicago directory listed a person’s country of origin. I have probably used city directories more than any other resource in my genealogical research.

  These annual directories help track the movement of people between the release of US Census records every ten years. When I discovered that the 1890 census had been mostly destroyed in a 1921 fire at the Commerce Department in Washington, DC, I turned to the city directories to help fill in that twenty-year gap between the 1880 census and the 1900 census. My Watsons first appeared in a Chicago city directory in the mid-1860s, enabling me to pinpoint when the family emigrated from Ontario, Canada, to Chicago. So I stopped searching for them in the Canadian census and found them in the US one. Their home addresses allowed me to map out all the Watsons in Chicago, which was a small number at that time. (Mapping out addresses entailed first converting Chicago’s pre-1909 street numbers and names to the updated ones.) I discovered those who lived in close proximity to each other were often related.

  The directories also noted occupations. In addition to his home address, James Watson listed his company, James Watson & Son Steam Heating Apparatus, in the residential listing. Learning that my Watsons had an entrepreneurial spirit was an interesting find. A steamfitter was a niche profession, so I scanned the directory for others with that same one. I found a Charles Watson and several men with surnames linked to my Watsons. I am still trying to fit them all into the family tree.